Determination of misoprostol in workplace air by high performance liquid chromatography / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of misoprostol in workplace air. Methods: From February to August 2021, the misoprostol in the workplace air was collected by glass fiber filter membrane, and theeluent was separated by C18 liquid chromatography column, determined by UV detector, and quantified by external standard method. Results: The quantitative lower limit of misoprostol determination method was 0.05 μg/ml, and the lowest quantitative concentration was 1.4 μg/m(3) (calculated by collecting 75 L air sample). The concentration of misoprostol has a good linear relationship between 0.05 to 10.00 μg/ml. The relative coefficient was 0.9998. The regression equation of the standard working curve was y=495759x-45257. The range of average recovery rates were from 95.5% to 102.8%. The intra-assay precision of the method was 1.2%-4.6%, and the inter-assay precision was 2.0%-5.9%. The samples could be stored stably for 7 days at 4 ℃. Conclusion: The high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of misoprostol has high sensitivity, good specificity and simple procedure of sample pretreatment. It is suitable for the detection of misoprostol in the workplace air.

Current status and research progress of occupational health monitoring in welding fume operations / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Welding operations are widely present in the manufacturing production process, involving a large number of occupational groups, and are the key occupations where work injuries and occupational diseases occur in China. For different welding processes and welding materials, the content and focus of occupational health monitoring are different. At present, the item of occupational health examination in welding operation is in poor consistency with the on-site exposure of occupational hazard factors, and it is mainly concentrated in the stage of disease development, which can not reflect the early health damage caused by welding dust exposure in time. The emergence of biomarkers of welding dust can make up for this defect. Therefore, it is of great significance to describe the current situation of occupational health monitoring of welding dust and summarize the research progress of related biomarkers for the early prevention of diseases caused by welding dust and the practice of occupational health monitoring.

The method of determination for butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile in the air of workplace by dissolved desorption-gas chromatography / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile in the air of workplace by gas chromatography. Methods: In March 2020, butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile in the air of workplace was collected by silica gel, eluted with methanol, separated and determined by gas chromatogram with flame ionization detector, the characteristics of determination of nitrile and isobutyronitrile by gas chromatography were analyzed. Results: The limit of detection for butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile was 0.33 μg/ml. The linear range of butyronitrile determined by this method was 1.60-1600.00 μg/ml, y=2.295x-3.480, and the coefficient correlation was 0.99998, and the minimum detection concentration was 0.22 mg/m(3) (collected sample volume was 1.50 L) . The within-run precisions were 2.43%-4.12%, the between-run precisions were 1.72%-3.70%, and the desorption rates were 93.26%-98.41%. The linear range of isobutyronitrile determined by this method was 1.52-1520.00 μg/ml, y=2.208x-0.102, and the coefficient correlation was 0.99998, and the minimum detection concentration was 0.22 mg/m(3) (collected sample volume was 1.50 L) . The within-run precisions were 2.52%-3.22%, the between-run precisions were 1.20%-3.82%, and the desorption rates were 96.85%-102.50%. The sealed samples could be stored at least 10 days at room temperature without significant loss. Conclusion: The method has the advantages of good precision, high sensitivity and simple operation. It is suitable for the simultaneous determination of butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile in the air of workplace.

Comparative analysis on occupational hazards of three welding operations / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the occupational hazards caused by three kinds of welding operations, and to provide data support for individual protection. Methods: In October 2020, the welding fumes, metal elements and welding arc generated by three welding operations of argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , manual welding (ZS60A welding rod) and carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux cored wire) were collected and measured in the welding laboratory. The samples were analyze and compare in the laboratory, and the differences of the occupational hazard factors of the three welding operations were judged. Results: The concentration of welding fume produced by carbon dioxide shielded welding, manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , and argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wires) were 6.80 mg/m(3), 6.17 mg/m(3), and 3.13 mg/m(3), respectively. The effective irradiance of the welding arc outside the welding mask from high to low is manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux-cored welding wire) , and argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , respectively 1 010.7, 740.9, 589.5 μW/cm(2). The long-wave ultraviolet UVA intensity generated by argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) is the largest, which is 1 500 μW/cm(2). The content of Mn in the three welding operations is the highest, and JS80 welding wire has the highest Mn content of 128493.2 mg/kg. 907A flux cored wire has the highest Ti content, which is 24355.5mg/kg. The electrode ZS60A has the highest Cu content, which is 24422.12 mg/kg. Conclusion: The intensity of occupational hazards is different in the three kinds of welding operations, so the methods of personal protective equipment, field exposure assessment and health monitoring should be more targeted.

Rapid determination of 30 volatile organic compounds in workplace air by gas chromatography / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To establish a method for rapid detection of DB-WAX capillary column and determination of the workplace air in 30 kinds of volatile organic pollutants. Methods: In August 2020, N-pentane, n-hexane, methylcyclohexane, octane, Acetone, ethyl acetate, butanone, benzene, 3-pentanone, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, butyl acetate, 2-hexanone, Isoamyl acetate, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, amyl acetate, o-xylene, chlorobenzene, styrene, cyclohexanone, P-chlorotoluene, bromobenzene, M-dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, O-dichlorobenzene, o-Chlorotoluene, 1, 2 , 4-trichlorobenzene of 30 kinds of substances in air were collected by activated carbon tube. After analysis by carbon disulfide, the analytical solution was analyzed by DB-WAX column and determined by FID detector. Results: The above 30 kinds of volatile organic pollutants had good separation effect, the correlation coefficient of the standard curve was above 0.999, the relative standard deviation was 0.1%-3.2%, the desorption efficiency was 77.0%-117.1% , the lower limit of quantitation was 0.33-5.33 μg/ml, and the lowest quantitation concentration was 0.22-3.55 mg/m(3), the recoveries ranged was 95.4%-104.9%. Conclusion: The method can effectively separate and accurately determine 30 volatile organic compounds in these workplaces, and the method is simple and quick.

Uso da máscara n95 por trabalhadores de enfermagem expostos à fumaça cirúrgica / Uso de la mascarilla n95 por trabajadores de enfermería expuestos al humo quirúrgico / Use of the n95 mask by nursing workers exposed to surgical smoke

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os desconfortos apresentados por trabalhadores que necessitam utilizar a máscara N95 durante as suas atividades laborais. Método: pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal, desenvolvida no Centro Cirúrgico de um hospital de ensino localizado na região Sul do Brasil, no período de junho a agosto de 2019, durante o turno de trabalho diurno. Realizou-se o estudo com os profissionais de enfermagem que estavam expostos à fumaça cirúrgica no período de trabalho. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se um instrumento com detalhamento sociodemográfico e ocupacional dos participantes e entregou-se uma máscara N95 aos profissionais para ser utilizada durante a cirurgia, a fim de verificar o tempo de uso da N95 e os motivos pelos quais os trabalhadores retiraram a máscara durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico. Resultados: o maior número de trabalhadores (27,7%) utilizou a máscara até 3 horas durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico, sendo que esse tempo foi relacionado com algumas queixas (p=0,037), tais como incômoda (27,8%), apertada (44,4%) eenjoo (5,6%). A retirada da máscara N95 (p=0,022) por esses profissionais antes do término da cirurgia foi relacionada a essas queixas. Conclusão: os trabalhadores apresentam queixas, como desconforto, máscara apertada e enjoo, sendo que estas estão relacionadas com o tempo de uso, o que precisa ser avaliado por gestores para a utilização da N95.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar las molestias presentadas por trabajadores que necesitan usar la mascarilla N95 durante sus actividades laborales. Método: investigación descriptiva con delineamiento transversal, desarrollada en el Centro Quirúrgico de un hospital de enseñanza ubicado en la región Sur de Brasil, en el período de junio a agosto de 2019, durante el turno de trabajo diurno. Se realizó el estudio con los profesionales de enfermería que estaban expuestos al humo quirúrgico en el período de trabajo. Para la recolección de los datos, se utilizó un instrumento con detalle sociodemográfico y ocupacional de los participantes y se entregó una mascarilla N95 a los profesionales para ser utilizada durante la cirugía, con el fin de verificar el tiempo de uso de la N95 y las razones por las que los trabajadores la quitaron durante el acto anestésico-quirúrgico. Resultados: el mayor número de trabajadores (27,7%) la utilizó hasta 3 horas durante el acto anestésico-quirúrgico, siendo que ese tiempo fue relacionado con algunas quejas (p=0,037), tales como: incómoda (27,8%), apretada (44,4%) y mareos (5,6%). El hecho de quitarse la mascarilla N95 (p=0,022), por estos profesionales, antes de la finalización de la cirugía se relacionó con estas quejas. Conclusión: los trabajadores presentan quejas, como incomodidad, mascarilla apretada y mareos, siendo que estas están relacionadas con el tiempo de uso, lo que necesita ser evaluado por gestores para la utilización de la N95.

ABSTRACT Objective: to check the discomfort presented by workers who need to use the N95 mask during their work activities. Method: descriptive and cross-sectional research, developed in the Surgical Center of a teaching hospital located in Southern Brazil, from June to August 2019, during the daytime work shift. The study was conducted with nursing professionals who were exposed to surgical smoke during their work period. In order to collect data, an instrument was used with sociodemographic and occupational details of the participants and a N95 mask was given to professionals to be used during surgery, in order to check the time of use of the N95 and the reasons why the workers removed the mask during the anesthetic-surgical procedure. Results: the largest number of workers (27.7%) used the mask for up to 3 hours during the anesthetic-surgical procedure, and this time was related to some complaints (p=0.037), such as discomfort (27.8%), tightness (44.4%) and nausea (5.6%). The removal of the N95 mask (p=0.022) by these professionals before the end of the surgery was related to these complaints. Conclusion: workers have complaints such as discomfort, tight mask and nausea, and these are related to the time of use, which needs to be assessed by managers for the use of N95.

Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene in Shanghai / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study was designed to conduct a retrospective and systematic occupational health risk assessment (OHRA) of enterprises that used benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in Shanghai, China.@*Methods@#All data for the study were obtained from 1,705 occupational health examination and evaluation reports from 2013 to 2017, and a semiquantitative model following Chinese OHRA guidelines (GBZ/T 298-2017) was applied for the assessment.@*Results@#The selected enterprises using BTX were mainly involved in manufacturing of products. Using the exposure level method, health risk levels associated with exposure to BTX were classified as medium, negligible, or low. However, the risk levels associated with benzene and toluene were significantly different according to job types, with gluers and inkers exhibiting greater health risks. For the same job type, the health risk levels assessed using the comprehensive index method were higher than those using the exposure level method.@*Conclusion@#Our OHRA reveals that workers who are exposed to BTX still face excessive health risk. Additionally, the risk level varied depending on job categories and exposure to specific chemicals. Therefore, additional control measures recommended by OHRA guidelines are essential to reduce worker exposure levels.

Respiratory symptoms related to flour dust exposure are significantly high among small and medium scale flour mill workers in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional survey

BACKGROUND@#International Labour Organization (ILO) report indicates more than 2.4 million workers die from work-related diseases and accidents each year. Work-related respiratory ailments related to airborne particulate matter such as flour dust are responsible for about 386,000 deaths and 6.6 million illness-adjusted life years. Even though exposure to flour dust together with the extreme expansions of flour mill sectors is a priority health concern, extent of the problem is little investigated in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude and risk factors of work-related respiratory symptoms among flour mill workers in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.@*METHODS@#This study employed a comparative cross-sectional survey of 560 samples (280 exposed group from flour mill workers and 280 unexposed group from office workers) with a stratified random sampling technique. The study was conducted from March to April 2019 in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. We used the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) questionnaire to assess work-related respiratory symptoms. The questionnaire was pretested and interview administered to collect data. Binary logistic regression analysis was fitted to evaluate significant factors of respiratory symptoms at a < 0.05 p value. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was calculated to determine a strength of association.@*RESULTS@#All the sampled participants had fully responded to the interview. The median age of exposed and unexposed groups was 28.5 interquartile range (IQR, 20) and 31 (IQR, 15) years, respectively. The prevalence of work-related respiratory symptoms among flour mill workers was substantially higher than that of among controls, 63.9% and 20.7%, respectively (Χ@*CONCLUSION@#Respiratory symptoms emanating from exposure to various flour dusts were significantly higher among flour mill workers than among the control group. Therefore, we recommend the need to effectively implement health and safety programs that account for the reduction of dust at a source, use of engineering controls (e.g., provision of adequate ventilation systems), use of administrative measures (e.g., training program and health surveillance) and provision of a suitable personal protective equipment (PPE). Furthermore, it is vital to integrate workplace health and safety programs to the wider public health policies and strategies to effectively mitigate the burden of work-related respiratory conditions. We also encourage future studies to evaluate concentration of flour dusts combined with physical examinations to establish plausible associations of respiratory symptoms with dusts of flour mill-related origin.

Burnt sugarcane harvesting is associated with rhinitis symptoms and inflammatory markers / Colheita de cana-de-açúcar queimada está associada a sintomas de rinite e marcadores inflamatórios

Abstract Introduction: Burnt sugarcane harvesting requires intense physical exertion in an environment of high temperature and exposure to particulate matter. Objective: To evaluate the effects of burnt sugarcane harvesting on rhinitis symptoms and inflammatory markers in sugarcane workers. Methods: A total of 32 male sugarcane workers were evaluated with questionnaire for rhinitis symptoms, and for inflammatory markers on peripheral blood and nasal lavage, in the non-harvesting, and 3 and 6 months into the sugarcane harvesting period. Weather data and particulate matter fine concentrations were measured in the same day. Results: The particulate matter concentrations in sugarcane harvesting were 27 (23-33 µg/m3), 112 (96-122 µg/m3), and 63 (17-263 µg/m3); 24 h temperatures were 32.6 (25.4-37.4 ºC), 32.3 (26.7-36.7 ºC) and 29.7 (24.1-34.0 ºC) and relative humidities were 45.4 (35.0-59.7%), 47.9 (39.1-63.0%), and 59.9 (34.7-63.2%) in the non-harvesting period, three and 6 months of the harvesting period. The age was 37.4 ± 10.9 years. The prevalence of rhinitis symptoms was significantly higher at 3 months of the harvesting period (53.4%), compared to non-harvesting period (26.7%; p = 0.039) and at 6 months into the harvesting period (20%; p = 0.006). Concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in nasal lavage increased after 3 months of the harvesting period compared to the non-harvesting period (p = 0.012). The presence of rhinitis symptoms, after 3 months of the harvesting period, was directly associated with blood eosinophils and inversely associated with neutrophils. Conclusions: After 3 months of work in burnt sugarcane harvesting the prevalence of rhinitis symptoms and IL-6 in nasal lavage increased. Furthermore, eosinophil counts were directly associated with the rhinitis symptoms in the period of higher concentration of particulate matter.

Resumo Introdução: A colheita de cana-de-açúcar queimada requer esforço físico intenso em um ambiente com altas temperaturas e exposição a material particulado. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da colheita de cana-de-açúcar queimada nos sintomas de rinite e marcadores inflamatórios de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar. Método: Foram avaliados 32 cortadores de cana-de-açúcar do sexo masculino por meio de um questionário para sintomas de rinite, e marcadores inflamatórios em sangue periférico e lavado nasal, no período de entressafra, e em 3 e 6 meses após o início da colheita da cana-de-açúcar. Os dados climáticos e as concentrações de material particulado fino foram medidos no mesmo dia. Resultados: O material particulado fino na entressafra e em 3 e 6 meses de safra foi 27 (23-33 µg/m3), 112 (96-122 µg/m3) e 63 (17-263 µg/m3), respectivamente; a temperatura de 24 horas foi 32,6 (25,4º-37,4ºC), 32,3 (26,7º-36,7ºC) e 29,7 (24,1º-340ºC) e a umidade relativa do ar foi 45,4 (35,0%-59,7%), 47,9 (39,1%-63,0%), e 59,9 (34,7%-63,2%), na entressafra, 3 e 6 meses após o início da colheita. A idade foi de 37,4 ± 10,9 anos. A prevalência de sintomas de rinite foi significativamente maior em 3 meses da S (53,4%), comparado com a entressafra (26,7%; p = 0,039) e 6 meses da safra (20%; p = 0,006). As concentrações de interleucina 6 (IL-6) no lavado nasal aumentaram após 3 meses do início da colheita comparado com a entressafra (p = 0,012). A presença de sintomas de rinite, após 3 meses do início da colheita, foi diretamente associada com eosinófilos e inversamente associada com neutrófilos. Conclusões: Após 3 meses do início da colheita da cana-de-açúcar queimada, houve aumento na prevalência de sintomas de rinite e IL-6 em LN. Além disso, as contagens de eosinófilos foram diretamente associadas aos sintomas de rinite no período de maior concentração de material particulado.

Occupational hazards, DNA damage, and oxidative stress on exposure to waste anesthetic gases / Riscos ocupacionais, danos no material genético e estresse oxidativo frente à exposição aos resíduos de gases anestésicos

Abstract Background and objectives The waste anesthetic gases (WAGs) present in the ambient air of operating rooms (OR), are associated with various occupational hazards. This paper intends to discuss occupational exposure to WAGs and its impact on exposed professionals, with emphasis on genetic damage and oxidative stress. Content Despite the emergence of safer inhaled anesthetics, occupational exposure to WAGs remains a current concern. Factors related to anesthetic techniques and anesthesia workstations, in addition to the absence of a scavenging system in the OR, contribute to anesthetic pollution. In order to minimize the health risks of exposed professionals, several countries have recommended legislation with maximum exposure limits. However, developing countries still require measurement of WAGs and regulation for occupational exposure to WAGs. WAGs are capable of inducing damage to the genetic material, such as DNA damage assessed using the comet assay and increased frequency of micronucleus in professionals with long-term exposure. Oxidative stress is also associated with WAGs exposure, as it induces lipid peroxidation, oxidative damage in DNA, and impairment of the antioxidant defense system in exposed professionals. Conclusions The occupational hazards related to WAGs including genotoxicity, mutagenicity and oxidative stress, stand as a public health issue and must be acknowledged by exposed personnel and responsible authorities, especially in developing countries. Thus, it is urgent to stablish maximum safe limits of concentration of WAGs in ORs and educational practices and protocols for exposed professionals.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Os Resíduos de Gases Anestésicos (RGA) presentes no ar ambiente das Salas de Operação (SO) são associados a riscos ocupacionais diversos. O presente artigo propõe-se a discorrer sobre exposição ocupacional aos RGA e seu impacto em profissionais expostos, com ênfase em danos genéticos e estresse oxidativo. Conteúdo Apesar do surgimento de anestésicos inalatórios mais seguros, a exposição ocupacional aos RGA ainda é preocupação atual. Fatores relacionados às técnicas anestésicas e estação de anestesia, além da ausência de sistema de exaustão de gases em SO, contribuem para poluição anestésica. Para minimizar os riscos à saúde em profissionais expostos, recomendam-se limites máximos de exposição. Entretanto, em países em desenvolvimento, ainda carece a mensuração de RGA e de regulamentação frente à exposição ocupacional aos RGA. Os RGA são capazes de induzir danos no material genético, como danos no DNA avaliados pelo teste do cometa e aumento na frequência de micronúcleos em profissionais com exposição prolongada. O estresse oxidativo também é associado à exposição aos RGA por induzir lipoperoxidação, danos oxidativos no DNA e comprometimento do sistema antioxidante em profissionais expostos. Conclusões Por tratar-se de questão de saúde pública, é imprescindível reconhecer os riscos ocupacionais relacionados aos RGA, inclusive genotoxicidade, mutagenicidade e estresse oxidativo. Urge a necessidade de mensuração dos RGA para conhecimento desses valores nas SO, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, de normatização das concentrações máximas seguras de RGA nas SO, além de se adotarem práticas de educação com conscientização dos profissionais expostos.

Sugarcane cutting work, risks, and health effects: a literature review / O trabalho no corte de cana-de-açúcar, riscos e efeitos na saúde: revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe the main work risks for sugarcane cutters and their effects on workers' health. METHODS Critical review of articles, with bibliographic research carried out in the PubMed, SciELO Medline, and Lilacs databases. The following keywords were used: sugarcane workers, sugarcane cutters, sugarcane harvesting, cortadores de cana-de-açú car , and colheita de cana -de-açúcar . The inclusion criteria were articles published between January 1997 and June 2017, which evaluated working conditions and health effects on sugarcane cutters. Those that did not deal with the work impact of cutting burned and unburnt sugarcane in the cutter's health were excluded. The final group of manuscripts was selected by the lead author of this study and reviewed by a co-author. Disagreements were resolved by consensus using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and, where necessary, the final decision was made by consulting a third co-author. RESULTS From the 89 articles found, 52 met the selection criteria and were evaluated. Studies have shown that cutters work under conditions of physical and mental overload, thermal overload, exposure to pollutants, and are subject to accidents. The main effects observed were respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, musculoskeletal, heat stress, dehydration, genotoxic, and those due to accidents. CONCLUSIONS Work on the manual cutting of sugarcane, especially of burned sugarcane, exposes workers to various risks, with different health impacts. Risk reduction for exposure to pollution and thermal and physical overload is required as a measure to preserve the health of the worker.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os principais riscos do trabalho de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar e seus efeitos na saúde dos trabalhadores. MÉTODOS Revisão critica de artigos, com pesquisa bibliográfica realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO Medline, e Lilacs. Foram empregadas as palavras-chave: sugarcane workers, sugarcane cutters, s ugarcane harvesting , cortadores de cana-de-açúcar e colheita de cana-de-açúcar. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados entre janeiro de 1997 a junho de 2017, que avaliaram as condições de trabalho e os efeitos na saúde em trabalhadores cortadores de cana-de-açúcar. Foram excluídos aqueles que não tratassem do impacto do trabalho no corte da cana-de-açúcar queimada e não queimada na saúde do cortador. O grupo final de manuscritos foi selecionado pelo autor principal deste estudo e revisado por um coautor. As discordâncias foram resolvidas por consenso usando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão predefinidos e, quando necessário, a decisão final foi realizada consultando um terceiro coautor. RESULTADOS De 89 artigos encontrados, 52 atenderam aos critérios de seleção e foram avaliados. Os estudos mostraram que os cortadores trabalham em condições de sobrecarga física e mental, sobrecarga térmica, exposição a poluentes e sujeitos a acidentes. Os principais efeitos observados foram respiratórios, cardiovasculares, renais, osteomusculares, estresse por calor, desidratação, genotóxicos e decorrente de acidentes. CONCLUSÕES O trabalho no corte manual da cana-de-açúcar, principalmente da cana-de-açúcar queimada, expõem os trabalhadores a diversos riscos, com variados impactos à saúde. A redução de riscos com exposição à poluição e sobrecarga térmica e física se impõe como medida para preservação da saúde do trabalhador.

The Impact of Tobacco and Occupational Exposure on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a 70 and over Jamaican Cohort from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (Jamaica) Study / Impacto del Tabaco y la Exposición Ocupacional en la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica en una Cohorte Jamaicana de 70 ó Más Años de Edad del Estudio de la Carga de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva (Jamaica)

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease predominantly affecting the older population. Not well known, COPD is often confused with asthma. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as the most important risk factor for COPD, but occupational exposures from irritant dust, fumes and, biomass exposures from burning wood and coal indoors, also contribute to COPD prevalence. This paper looks at COPD prevalence and occupational exposures in adults aged 70+ using data from the United Kingdom-based Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study in Jamaica (www.boldstudy.org). Subject and Method: Jamaica followed a strict BOLD protocol of face to face standardized questionnaire administration and spirometry testing on participants aged ≥ 40 years. Questions included sociodemographic characteristics, smoking practices, respiratory symptoms and occupational exposures. The Occupational questionnaire enquired about time spent in thirteen different occupations including farming, construction, firefighting, domestic and industrial cleaning, welding, coal mining, flour, feed or grain milling to mention a few. Spirometry was performed according to American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards. An island-wide multi-stage random sample of non-institutionalized individuals was selected for recruitment with the assistance of the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN). All questionnaires and spirometry data from consenting participants were submitted electronically to the United Kingdom Coordinating Centre for data cleaning, quality checks and preliminary analysis. Final data were returned to the local research team for further analysis. Result: Total sample selected for recruitment (and response rate) was 883 (91.4%) for persons aged ≥ 40 years and 190 (87.2%) for persons aged 70+ years. Of the 164 responders in the 70+ group, 91 (55.5%) had usable spirometry. Prevalence of ever-smoking by age and gender in this 70+ cohort was 38.4%. Farming, construction and household cleaning were the most frequently reported occupations (58.8%). Years working in these three occupations ranged from 1-70 (farming and construction) and 1-78 (cleaning). Most were now retired (120 of 164 overall). Weighted estimated population prevalence of Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Stage 1 (Post-BD FEV1/FVC < 70%; FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted) was 12.1% overall for persons aged 40+, but was highest at 37.8% in the 70+ age group. Estimated prevalence of GOLD Stage 2 (50 ≤ FEV1 < 80% predicted) was 9.6% in the 40+, again highest at 31.3% in the 70+ age group. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of COPD in the 40+ age group whether Stage 1 (mild COPD), or Stage 2 (moderate COPD), while it appears low, was still highest in the 70+ age group. The local data revealed that whilst the prevalence of current smoking had declined by age 70+, the estimated prevalence of GOLD Stage 1 and Stage 2 COPD was highest in this age group. The contribution of occupational exposures to the development of COPD, requires further analysis to look at the occupational exposures across all participants aged 40+ as well as the prevalence of COPD among non-smokers. Progression of Stage 1 to Stage 2 disease and its effect on morbidity and quality of life is likely without patient education regarding complications of tobacco smoke and workplace exposures to the development of COPD.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una enfermedad respiratoria crónica que afecta predominantemente a la población de personas mayores. Como no se la conoce bien, la EPOC se confunde a menudo con el asma. El tabaquismo es ampliamente reconocido como el factor de riesgo más importante de la EPOC, pero las exposiciones profesionales a polvos irritantes, humos y gases, así como las exposiciones a la biomasa de leña y carbón en espacios cerrados, contribuyen a la prevalencia de la EPOC. El presente trabajo examina la prevalencia de la EPOC y las exposiciones ocupacionales en adultos de 70+ años, utilizando en Jamaica datos del estudio de la Carga de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva (BOLD, en inglés) con base en el Reino Unido (www.boldstudy.org). Sujetos y método: Jamaica siguió un estricto protocolo de BOLD consistente en administrar cara a cara cuestionarios estandarizados y pruebas de espirometría a participantes de ≥ 40 años de edad. Las preguntas incluyeron características sociodemográficas, prácticas de tabaquismo, síntomas respiratorios y exposiciones ocupacionales. El cuestionario ocupacional indagó sobre el tiempo transcurrido en trece ocupaciones diferentes, incluyendo trabajo en el campo (agricultura, cría de animales) construcción, extinción de incendios, limpieza doméstica e industrial, soldadura, minería de carbón, y molienda de harina, piensos o granos, por mencionar algunas. La espirometría se realizó de acuerdo con las normas de la Sociedad Torácica Americana (STA). Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria multietapa de todo el país -formada por individuos no institucionalizados— para el reclutamiento con la ayuda del Instituto Estadístico de Jamaica (STATIN, en inglés). Todos los cuestionarios y datos de espirometría de los participantes consintientes fueron enviados electrónicamente al Centro Coordinador del Reino Unido para la depuración de datos, chequeo de calidad y análisis preliminar. Los datos finales fueron devueltos al equipo de investigación local para su posterior análisis. Resultado: La muestra total seleccionada para el reclutamiento (y la tasa de respuesta) fue de 883 (91.4%) para las personas de ≥ 40 años y 190 (87.2%) para las personas de 70+ años. De los 164 encuestados en grupo de 70+ años, 91 (55.5%) tenían espirometría utilizable. La prevalencia de fumar ocasionalmente por edad y sexo en esta cohorte de 70+ fue de 38.4%. El trabajo en el campo (agricultura, cría de animales), la construcción y la limpieza doméstica fueron las ocupaciones más frecuentemente reportadas (58.8%). Los años de trabajo en estas tres ocupaciones oscilaron entre 1-70 (trabajo en el campo y construcción), y 1-78 (limpieza). La mayoría estaban ahora retirados (120 de 164 en total). La prevalencia ponderada estimada de la población de la Iniciativa Global para la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (GOLD, en inglés) Etapa 1 (post-BD FEV1/FVC < 70%; FEV1 ≥ 80% valor teórico) fue de 12.1% en total para las personas de 40+, pero las más alta fue 37.8% en el grupo de 70+ años. La prevalencia estimada de GOLD Etapa 2 (50 ≤ FEV1 < 80% valor teórico) fue de 9.6% en los de 40+, y de nuevo 31.3% la más alta en el grupo de 70+ años de edad. Conclusión: La prevalencia general de la EPOC en el grupo de 40+ años, ya fuera en la etapa 1 (EPOC leve), o la etapa 2 (EPOC moderada), aunque pareciera baja, seguía siendo más alta en el grupo de 70+ años. Los datos locales revelaron que si bien la prevalencia de fumar regularmente había disminuido a la edad de 70+, la prevalencia estimada de EPOC en GOLD Etapa 1 y Etapa 2 fue mayor en este grupo etario. La contribución de las exposiciones ocupacionales al desarrollo de la EPOC requiere un análisis adicional para examinar las exposiciones ocupacionales en todos los participantes de 40+ años. así como la prevalencia de la EPOC entre los no fumadores. La progresión de la enfermedad de la etapa 1 a la etapa 2 y su efecto sobre la morbilidad y la calidad de vida es probable que tenga lugar si no hay educación del paciente con respecto a las complicaciones que el humo del tabaco y las exposiciones en el centro de trabajo tienen para el desarrollo de la EPOC.

Evaluation of chemical-specific IgG antibodies in male workers from a urethane foam factory

BACKGROUND@#Plastic resins are complex chemicals that contain toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and/or trimellitic anhydride (TMA), which cause occupational allergies (OA), including respiratory allergies. Serum IgGs against TDI and TMA have been suggested as potential markers of the exposure status and as exploring cause of OA. Although TDI-specific IgG has been examined for suspected OA, TMA-specific IgG is not commonly evaluated in a urethane foam factory. This study therefore investigated both TDI- and TMA-specific IgGs in suspected OA patients and to evaluate the usefulness of the measurement of multiple chemical-specific IgG measurement for practical monitoring.@*METHODS@#Blood samples were collected from two male workers who developed respiratory allergies supposedly caused by occupational exposure to TDI and/or TMA for the presence of TDI- and TMA-specific IgGs. In addition, blood samples from 75 male workers from a urethane foam factory, along with 87 male control subjects, were collected in 2014 and tested for the same IgGs in 2014. The presence and levels of TDI- and TMA-specific serum IgGs were measured using dot blot assays.@*RESULTS@#We found that controls had mean concentrations of TDI- and TMA-specific IgGs of 0.98 and 2.10 μg/mL, respectively. In the two workers with respiratory allergies, the TDI-specific IgG concentrations were 15.6 and 9.51 μg/mL, and TMA-specific IgG concentrations were 4.56 and 14.4 μg/mL, which are clearly higher than those in controls. Mean concentrations of TDI- and TMA-specific IgGs in the factory workers were 1.89 and 2.41 μg/mL, respectively, and are significantly higher than those of the controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.026 for TDI- and TMA-specific IgGs, respectively).@*CONCLUSION@#The workers suspected of OA showed an evidently high level of TDI- and TMA-specific IgG, and these levels in workers at the urethane foam factory were also significantly higher than those in controls. In conclusion, the measurement of TDI- and TMA-specific IgG among workers using plastic resins is helpful to monitor their exposure status.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos: correlação entre Tempo de uso do eletrocautério e tempo cirúrgico* / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: correlation between the time of lectrocautery use and surgical time / Hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos: correlación entre tiempo de uso del electrocauterio y tiempo quirúrgico

Objetivou-se identificar concentrações de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos provenientes da fumaça do eletrocautério nas salas operatórias, correlacionando estas concentrações com o tempo de uso do eletrocautério e cirúrgico. Trata-se de um estudo de campo, transversal e quantitativo, realizado em 50 atos cirúrgicos do aparelho digestivo, entre abril e julho de 2015, em hospital universitário no estado do Paraná. Foram coletados hidrocarbonetos por meio de uma bomba de sucção e determinados por cromatografia liquida. Estes compostos foram encontrados com média de 0,0058 mg.m-³ e mediana de 0,0049 mg.m-³. O tempo médio cirúrgico e de uso do eletrocautério foram de 136 minutos e 220,5 segundos, respectivamente. O teste de correlação de Spearman foi de -0,512 entre as variáveis concentrações e tempo cirúrgico e de -0,183 entre as concentrações e tempo de uso do eletrocautério. Conclui-se que existem hidrocarbonetos e há baixa correlação entre a produção destes compostos e tempo de uso do eletrocautério (AU).

The objective was to identify concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced by electrocautery smoke in operating rooms, correlating these concentrations with time of electrocautery and surgical use. This is a cross-sectional and quantitative field study carried out in 50 gastrointestinal surgical procedures, between April and July 2015, in a university hospital in the state of Paraná. Hydrocarbons were collected using a suction pump and measurements were determined through liquid chromatography. These compounds were found to have an average of 0.0058 mg.m-3 and a mean of 0.0049 mg.m-3. The mean surgical time and electrocautery use were 136 minutes and 220.5 seconds, respectively. The Spearman correlation test was -0.512 between concentration variables and surgical time, and -0.183 between the concentrations and electrocautery use. The conclusion was the presence of hydrocarbons and a low correlation between the production of these compounds and the electrocautery usage time (AU).

Se objetivó identificar concentraciones de hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos derivados del humo del electrocauterio en quirófanos, correlacionando las concentraciones con el tiempo de uso del electrocauterio y quirúrgico. Estudio de campo, transversal, cuantitativo, realizado en 50 actos quirúrgicos del aparato digestivo, entre abril y julio de 2015, en hospital universitario del estado de Paraná. Fueron recolectados hidrocarburos mediante una bomba de succión, y determinados por cromatografía líquida. Los compuestos fueron encontrados con promedio de 0,0058 mg.m3 y mediana de 0,0049 mg.m3. El tiempo promedio quirúrgico y de uso del electrocauterio fue de 136 minutos y 220,5 segundos respectivamente. El test de correlación de Spearman fue de -0,512 entre variables concentraciones y tiempo quirúrgico, y de -0,183 entre las concentraciones y tiempo de uso del electrocauterio. Se concluye en que existen hidrocarburos y hay baja correlación entre la producción de tales compuestos y tiempo de uso del electrocauterio (AU).

Alterações respiratórias em trabalhadores: estudo de portuários avulsos / Alteraciones respiratorias en trabajadores: estudio de puertos independientes / Respiratory alterations in workers: study of single ports

Resumo OBJETIVO Identificar alterações no sistema respiratório em trabalhadores portuários por meio de exames radiográficos e de função pulmonar; identificar o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual durante as atividades portuárias; e relacionar a idade, tempo de trabalho, exposição a substâncias como os fertilizantes e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, durante as atividades portuárias, às alterações no sistema respiratório em trabalhadores portuários. MÉTODO Descritivo e exploratório em um porto marítimo sul brasileiro, de julho de 2014 a janeiro de 2015. Realizou-se análise retrospectiva, quantitativo do resultado da radiografia de tórax e espirometria de 695 prontuários de trabalhadores e análise prospectiva de 66 trabalhadores. RESULTADOS a maioria dos trabalhadores não apresentou alterações radiográficas 98,7% e 11,4% apresentaram alterações ventilatórias. Identificou-se correlação positiva para as variáveis, idade, tempo de trabalho e resultado da espirometria. CONCLUSÃO Houve alteração da função respiratória de trabalhadores portuários avulsos, que pode estar relacionada à exposição aos fertilizantes.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Identificar alteraciones en el sistema respiratorio en trabajadores portuarios por medio de exámenes radiográficos y de función pulmonar; identificar el uso de equipos de protección individual durante las actividades portuarias; y relacionar la edad, el tiempo de trabajo, la exposición a sustancias como los fertilizantes y el uso de equipos de protección individual, durante las actividades portuarias, a las alteraciones en el sistema respiratorio en trabajadores portuarios. MÉTODO Descriptivo y exploratorio, realizado en un puerto maritmo sur brasileño, de julio de 2014 a enero de 2015. Realizó un análisis retrospectivo, cuantitativo de la radiografía de tórax y la espirometría 695 registros de los trabajadores del puerto y la realización de análisis prospectivo de 66 trabajadores. RESULTADOS la mayoría de los trabajadores no se muestran las radiografías 98,7% y el 11,4% mostraron cambios ventilatorios. Se identificó una correlación positiva para las variables, la edad, el tiempo de trabajo y espirometría. CONCLUSIÓN Hubo un cambio de la función respiratoria de los estibadores temporales, que se puede asociar con un tratamiento de fertilizantes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify alterations in the respiratory system in port workers through radiographic and pulmonary function tests; to identify the use of personal protective equipment during port activities; and to relate age, working time, exposure to substances such as fertilizers and the use of personal protective equipment during port activities, to changes in the respiratory system in port workers. METHOD Descriptive and exploratory study, in south Brazilian maritime port, from July of 2014 to January of 2015. A retrospective quantitative analysis of the results of chest x-ray and spirometry of 695 port workers' chart and prospective analysis of 66 workers were performed. RESULTS Most of the workers did not present radiographs 98.7% and 11.4% presented ventilatory alterations. A positive correlation was identified for the variables age, working time and spirometry results. CONCLUSION There was a change in the respiratory function of single port workers, which may be related to the exposure to fertilizers.

Occupational Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Associated with Diesel Motor Operation in an Air-raid Shelter in June 2015, Jinan City, China-An Epidemiological Investigation / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Occupational carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning related to diesel motor fumes in an air-raid shelter (ARS) was first identified in Jinan City, China, in June 2015. A total of 17 cases were identified, including 14 possible cases of firemen and 3 confirmed cases of water channel clean-up workers. The overall attack rate (AR) of firemen was 42% (14/33). The firemen had a significantly higher AR with a longer exposure and more protracted time of rescue in the ARS (P < 0.05). All the cases stated that they did not realize the potentially high level of exposure to CO in the ARS. CO poisoning posed a risk to both patients and service providers. Occupational safety and health education should be promoted and enforced in all workplaces where CO sources exist.

Exposição ocupacional ao benzeno no Brasil: estimativas baseadas em uma matriz de exposição ocupacional / Occupational exposure to benzene in Brazil: estimates based on an occupational exposure matrix / Exposición ocupacional al benceno en Brasil: estimativas basadas en una matriz de exposición ocupacional

Resumo: Estima-se o número de trabalhadores expostos e a prevalência da exposição ocupacional ao benzeno no Brasil. Por causa da falta de mensurações locais disponíveis para a pesquisa, empregaram-se dados de uma matriz de exposição ocupacional, a Finnish National Job-Exposure Matrix (FINJEM), que contemplam proporções de expostos ao benzeno calculadas com medidas ambientais. No Brasil, o Censo Demográfico de 2010 identificou 86.353.839 trabalhadores ativos e ocupados. Aplicando-se os parâmetros da FINJEM, estimou-se que 7.376.761 (8,5%) pertenciam a grupos ocupacionais potencialmente expostos, enquanto 770.212 foram considerados expostos ao benzeno, correspondendo a uma prevalência ponderada por grupo ocupacional de 0,9%, maior em homens (1,1%) que em mulheres (0,6%). Expostos se concentraram no grupo de Operadores e Mecânicos de Máquinas e Motores (62%). O número de expostos e a prevalência da exposição ocupacional ao benzeno são elevados mesmo considerando parâmetros da Finlândia, sugerindo a necessidade de monitoramento e controle desse cancerígeno no Brasil.

Abstract: This study estimates the number of exposed workers and the prevalence of occupational benzene exposure in Brazil. Due to the lack of available local measurements for the study, data were used from an occupational exposure matrix, the Finnish National Job-Exposure Matrix (FINJEM), which covers proportions of individuals exposed to benzene, calculated as environmental measures. In Brazil, the 2010 Demographic Census identified 86,353,839 workers in the workforce and employed. Applying the FINJEM parameters, an estimated 7,376,761 (8.5%) belonged to potentially exposed occupational groups, while 770,212 were considered exposed to benzene, corresponding to an occupational group-weighted prevalence of 0.9%, higher in men (1.1%) than in women (0.6%). Exposed individuals were concentrated in the category of Machine and Motor Operators and Mechanics (62%). The number of exposed and prevalence of occupational exposure to benzene are high, even when compared to Finnish parameters, suggesting the need for monitoring and control of this carcinogen in Brazil.

Resumen: En este trabajo se estima el número de trabajadores expuestos y la prevalencia de la exposición ocupacional al benceno en Brasil. Debido a la falta de mediciones locales disponibles para esta investigación, se emplearon datos de una matriz de exposición ocupacional: la Finnish National Job-Exposure Matrix (FINJEM), que contempla proporciones de expuestos al benceno, calculadas con medidas ambientales. En Brasil, el Censo Demográfico de 2010 identificó a 86.353.839 trabajadores activos y ocupados. Aplicándose los parámetros de la FINJEM, se estimó que 7.376.761 (8,5%) pertenecían a grupos ocupacionales potencialmente expuestos, mientras que 770.212 fueron considerados expuestos al benceno, correspondiendo a una prevalencia ponderada por grupo ocupacional de 0,9%, mayor en hombres (1,1%) que en mujeres (0,6%). Los expuestos se concentraron en el grupo de Operadores y Mecánicos de Máquinas y Motores (62%). El número de expuestos y la prevalencia de la exposición ocupacional al benceno son elevados, incluso considerando parámetros de Finlandia, sugiriendo la necesidad de un monitoreo y control de ese cancerígeno en Brasil.